Blur Vitality Crack =LINK= 11
Methods of corrosion control vary depending upon the type of corrosion encountered. The most common causes of corrosion are dissolved gases (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide), under-deposit attack, low pH, and attack of areas weakened by mechanical stress, leading to stress and fatigue cracking.
Blur vitality crack 11
Regardless of feedwater heater design, the major problems are similar for all types. The primary problems are corrosion, due to oxygen and improper pH, and erosion from the tube side or the shell side. Due to the temperature increase across the heater, incoming metal oxides are deposited in the heater and then released during changes in steam load and chemical balances. Stress cracking of welded components can also be a problem. Erosion is common in the shell side, due to high-velocity steam impingement on tubes and baffles.
Deaerators are used to heat feedwater and reduce oxygen and other dissolved gases to acceptable levels. Corrosion fatigue at or near welds is a major problem in deaerators. Most corrosion fatigue cracking has been reported to be the result of mechanical factors, such as manufacturing procedures, poor welds, and lack of stress-relieved welds. Operational problems such as water/steam hammer can also be a factor.
Other forms of corrosive attack in deaerators include stress corrosion cracking of the stainless steel tray chamber, inlet spray valve spring cracking, corrosion of vent condensers due to oxygen pitting, and erosion of the impingement baffles near the steam inlet connection.
Where boiler tubes fail as a result of caustic embrittlement, circumferential cracking can be seen. In other components, cracks follow the lines of greatest stress. A microscopic examination of a properly prepared section of embrittled metal shows a characteristic pattern, with cracking progressing along defined paths or grain boundaries in the crystal structure of the metal (see Figure 11-6). The cracks do not penetrate the crystals themselves, but travel between them; therefore, the term "intercrystalline cracking" is used.
Caustic embrittlement (caustic stress corrosion cracking), or intercrystalline cracking, has long been recognized as a serious form of boiler metal failure. Because chemical attack of the metal is normally undetectable, failure occurs suddenly-often with catastrophic results.
Fatigue cracking (due to repeated cyclic stress) can lead to metal failure. The metal failure occurs at the point of the highest concentration of cyclic stress. Examples of this type of failure include cracks in boiler components at support brackets or rolled in tubes when a boiler undergoes thermal fatigue due to repeated start-ups and shutdowns.
Corrosion fatigue failure results from cyclic stressing of a metal in a corrosive environment. This condition causes more rapid failure than that caused by either cyclic stressing or corrosion alone. In boilers, corrosion fatigue cracking can result from continued breakdown of the protective magnetite film due to cyclic stress.
Corrosion fatigue cracking occurs in deaerators near the welds and heat-affected zones. Proper operation, close monitoring, and detailed out-of-service inspections (in accordance with published recommendations) minimize problems in deaerators.
At operating pressures of 1,000 psig and higher, hydrazine or organic oxygen scavengers are normally used in place of sulfite. In these applications, the increased dissolved solids contributed by sodium sulfate (the product of the sodium sulfite-oxygen reaction) can become a significant problem. Also, sulfite decomposes in high-pressure boilers to form sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Both of these gases can cause corrosion in the return condensate system and have been reported to contribute to stress corrosion cracking in turbines. Hydrazine has been used for years as an oxygen scavenger in high-pressure systems and other systems in which sulfite materials cannot be used. Hydrazine is a reducing agent that removes dissolved oxygen by the following reaction:
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I had implants done in October 2017 . All healed well . I went last week (February 2018 ) to have the crowns fitted . The dentist really screwed them in tight . The following day I started to have throbbing on what felt like my lower teeth below the implants . No binding or pressure so I thought it was a filling which had cracked . Went back to the dentist in pain and she replaced the filling and told me it had been leaking . Still in a lot of pain which radiates from my ear and throat to my jaw . Sometimes it feels like the implants are sore and sometimes I think it might be an abscess under the lower back teeth . Eve,n now it feels like I have a severe case of ear ache . I am taking pain killers but I cannot keep,on popping tablets and powders . Might it be an ear infection ? Wish I could find out exactly what is causing my discomfort as the dentists cannot find the problem . They tap and blow cold air and give me cold water to drink and nothing . But the throbbing persists .. Any suggestions ?
It does seem odd that the symptoms began months after the implant was surgically placed. Although I would nt rule out the implant, my feeling is the teeth on both sides should be throughly assessed fro vitality and then a ct done of the area to see what if anything is going on around the implantSincerelyDr Balogh
We draw on border theory (Clark, 2000) to argue that a particularly likely consequence of working from home as the new norm amid the COVID-19 pandemic is blurring of boundaries between work and private life (see also Schieman and Young, 2010; Bouziri et al., 2020; Cho, 2020). With greater role integration and blurring of boundaries, family-to-work and work-to-family conflict are more likely as well as interruptions and distractions while working and role transitions (Desrochers et al., 2005). When work (persistently) encroaches on and intrudes personal or family time, it might become more difficult to psychologically detach from work. Moreover, stress and negative emotions may arise from the struggles to attain or maintain work-life balance. Central to border theory is the notion that individuals are motivated to create a desired balance between work and other domains (Clark, 2000). In accordance with this notion, it has been found that the work-home interface influences how happy and satisfied individuals are with their lives (Odle-Dusseau et al., 2012; Sirgy and Lee, 2018; Tang et al., 2020). We therefore propose that blurred work-life boundaries reduce employee happiness.
To illuminate the pathways through which blurred work-life boundaries result in reduced happiness, we focus on emotional exhaustion as a mediating mechanism. Emotional exhaustion is a component of burnout and is characterized by a negative state of physical and emotional depletion due to work (Maslach and Jackson, 1981). We propose that border creep in the work-home interface is an emotionally exhausting experience that may reduce employee happiness. Indeed, those who experience difficulties with their work-life balance are more emotionally exhausted (Umene-Nakano et al., 2013). To the best of our knowledge, emotional exhaustion has not been examined as a consequence of blurred work-life boundaries per se. However, blurring of boundaries is positively associated with work-family conflict (Desrochers et al., 2005; Glavin and Schieman, 2012) and work-family conflict has been extensively linked to emotional exhaustion (for a review, see Allen et al., 2000). Moreover, emotional exhaustion has negative effects on happiness (Eckleberry-Hunt et al., 2016; Peralta and Saldanha, 2017). Thus, we put forward the following mediation hypothesis:
However, the role of lifestyle in the process by which blurred work-life boundaries influence happiness remains elusive. Drawing a parallel to the stressor-detachment model (Sonnentag and Fritz, 2015), lifestyle can be considered both a mediator and a moderator in this process. The mediation model proposes that blurred boundaries (perhaps via emotional exhaustion) impair healthy lifestyle behaviors, and in turn, lifestyle risk factors negatively influence happiness. It would imply that an unhealthy lifestyle is an explanation for why blurred work-life boundaries (and emotional exhaustion) reduce happiness. The moderation model proposes that healthy lifestyle behaviors buffer the (indirect) effect of blurred work-life boundaries on happiness. The relative merits of these models are not trivial; whereas a buffering effect implies that a healthy lifestyle has the potential to prevent blurred boundaries from lowering happiness, the mediation model suggests that a most likely consequence of blurred boundaries is a less healthy lifestyle. Our conceptual model in Figure 1 integrates both perspectives.
Yet the main goal of this study was to illuminate the role of lifestyle in the process by which blurred work-life boundaries decrease happiness (see Figure 1). We found that a healthy lifestyle acted as a buffer for the detrimental indirect effect of blurred work-life boundaries on happiness. That is, those who exhibited a healthy lifestyle (characterized by multiple health behaviors) during lockdown were less negatively affected by increases in the blurring of work-life boundaries in the form of reduced happiness. Sleep in particular was a protective lifestyle factor; both the effect of blurred boundaries on emotional exhaustion and the effect of emotional exhaustion on happiness were weakened for those whose sleep had been adequate (i.e., meeting health guidelines) during the COVID-19 lockdown. Physical activity was also a protective lifestyle behavior; those who had been physically active during lockdown were less likely to suffer from lower happiness as a consequence of emotional exhaustion. However, physical activity did not buffer the indirect effect of blurred boundaries on happiness through emotional exhaustion.